在不同有效磷日粮中添加植酸酶对仔猪生产性能的影响

将体重相近的60头15kg左右的杜长大仔猪分为5个处理（对照组、AP降低0．1％、AP降低0．12％、AP降低0．1％＋酶、AP降低0．12％＋酶），每个处理3个重复，每重复4头仔猪。研究结果表明：曰粮有效磷水平和植酸酶对仔猪生长、料重比都有显著的影响（P〈0．05），与对照组相比，当日粮有效磷水平降低0．1％，仔猪体重、日增重会显著降低，而料重比显著上升；当有效磷降低0．1％添加植酸酶时，仔猪体重、日增重会显著增加，而料重比显著下降；当日粮有效磷降低0．12％时，不论加酶与否，其体重、日增重都会显著下降，而料重比会显著增加。     

铬对热应激肉鸡消化器官的影响

选用处于热应激条件下的24只16日龄科宝(COBB)肉鸡。随机分成试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和对照组。试验组分别添加饲喂10、20、30mg/kg含铬的玉米—豆粕型基础日粮25d。试验结束后,通过对试验组肉鸡消化器官显微组织学观察表明:给热应激下肉鸡补充有机铬,可缓解热应激反应,增强机体免疫功能。     

不同有机肥用量对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下,研究了配施等量化肥时不同用量有机肥对黄瓜生长及养分吸收的影响。试验采用有机肥系烘干鸡粪,所有供试肥料均以底肥形式一次施入。研究结果表明,高量有机肥处理(有机肥50,100 kg/m3)严重抑制了黄瓜定植初期的生长,黄瓜前期产量也明显低于不施或低量有机肥处理。随着施肥量的增加,黄瓜氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均显著增加。黄瓜定植后74 d,所有处理基质的速效氮养分均已处于极低的水平,黄瓜普遍出现缺肥症状。试验初步证明了长季节栽培条件下一次施用高量有机肥难以及时提供足量的速效氮源,无法满足蔬菜养分需求。     

钼肥施用模式对花生农艺性状、产量及蛋白质的影响

为探求钼肥对花生的作用与肥效。试验设置在河南省原阳县格林湾村进行,在施等量氧、磷、钾肥基础上设了3个处理,重复3次:(1)水浸花生种12 h为对照(CK);(2)0.1%钼肥浸花生种12 h;(3)0.1%钼肥浸花生种12 h后待花生五叶期和初花期各喷一次0.1%钼肥液。收获时测定花生产量与分析不同处理花生仁蛋白质含量。试验结果表明:0.1%钼肥浸花生种能促进根瘤菌的繁殖和生长,显著增加花生单株生产率和双仁果;增产花生果23.24%,花生仁蛋白质的含量增加1.26个百分点。与水浸种相比,0.1%钼肥浸花生种加喷施2次处理,增产花生果47.51%,花生仁蛋白质含量增加2.39个百分点达到极显著水平。由此认为:浸种加喷施处理效果最佳,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

不同解磷菌群对油菜土壤养分与酶活性的影响

利用盆栽油菜的二因素完全随机区组设计,研究了北方石灰性土壤上施用不同解磷菌群对土壤速效养分及土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同解磷菌群施入不同P素水平土壤中,油菜整个生育期内都能不同程度地提高土壤速效养分和土壤酶活性;土壤磷酸酶活性则随P素水平增高而降低,即低P水平下磷酸酶活性较强;施用菌肥土壤磷酸酶活性高于不施用菌肥处理,施与不施菌肥处理间脲酶活性在苗期及低P水平下差异显著。     

土壤速效磷含量空问插值方法比较研究

采用土壤空间变异及其插值方法,对上海五四农场现代化农业园区水稻田60m×60m间隔采样,得到280个土壤有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾、全N、全P等采样数据,用逆距离加权、球面多项式、局部多项式、辐射基础函数、简单克立格、通用克立格、平常克立格(指数模型、球形模型、高斯模型、静态模型)等插值方法,对该区土壤速效磷含量的140采样点进行插值,得到各种插值的速效磷连续空间分布,将插值所得拟合值与同期测得的另140个采样点数据进行比较,则局部多项式插值、球面多项式和3种克立格插值方法效果较好,其中局部多项式插值方法效果最佳,平常克立格的静态模型、高斯模型和球形模型插值效果较佳。     

半干旱区玉米水肥空间耦合效应Ⅱ.土壤水分和速效氮的动态分布

在灌水量为300m3/hm2、施N肥量为248.1kg/hm2的条件下,模拟大田条件研究了两种水肥空间耦合方式下的土壤水分、速效N的动态运移规律。试验表明,在半干旱地区隔沟灌溉水肥异区、隔沟灌溉水肥同区两种处理方式的灌溉水在剖面上均以垂直运动为主,同时存在水平运动。隔沟灌溉水肥同区处理的速效N在剖面上垂直运动明显,处理后15天速效N基本均匀地分布于0~100cm土层内,速效N含量在施肥区和未施肥区之间差异较小;而隔沟灌溉水肥异区处理的速效N垂直运动程度小,速效N主要分布在60cm以上土层,速效N水平运动不明显,施肥区速效N含量远高于未施肥区。水肥异区养分的淋溶深度较小,淋失的可能性小,有利于养分长期在剖面较浅层次中分布,为作物吸收创造了条件。     

Nutrient availability and interactions between soil arthropods and microorganisms during decomposition of coniferous litter: a mesocosm study

Summary The functional roles of the fungivorous collembolan Tomocerus minor and the detritivorous isopod Philoscia muscorum during the decomposition of Pinus nigra needles were studied in mesocosms filled with two different types of F1 litter, obtained from two different forest soils. The effects of the animals on the availability of K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO _inf3 ^sup- , NH _inf4 ^sup+ , and PO _inf4 ^sup3- and on the respiration, dehydrogenase, and cellulase activity of microorganisms were measured over one growing season. The animals were introduced into the F1 litter in three densities. The most important animal effect was a buffering effect, in that addition of the animals increased nutrient availability and microbial activity where the corresponding values in control mesocosms without animals were low, and decreased the nutrient availability and microbial activity where control values were high. This effect occurred for both species and was most evident in the substrate with the highest temporal fluctuations. The effects on nutrient availability are attributed to an animal effect on the activity of and successional stage reached the microbial community, with NH _inf4 ^sup+ availability seen as the most important factor. The concept of functional groups in relation to these animal effects is discussed.     

Dynamics of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) following sewage sludge application

As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation following sewage sludge (SS) addition, the variations over 14 months of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) were investigated. A field experimental design was carried out using the litter-bag method on both a fertilized plot receiving SS applications (twice ) and a control plot. Acid (APH) and alkaline (BPH) phosphatases were measured, along with several biotic and abiotic variables potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These included moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (P_W), culturable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. Sludge addition had significant effects on all the variables measured. Indeed, sludge increased significantly BPH activities, available P_W, microbial densities (i.e. bacteria and fungi) and pH in the fertilized plot. In contrast, APH activities decreased significantly following sludge addition. As a consequence, the BPH/APH ratio increased markedly and immediately in the fertilized plot, but only after the 1st amendment. Following the 1st preconditioning SS amendment, the 2nd fertilization had fewer effects on biological variables, because of summer dryness. The different properties examined varied significantly with incubation time, and most were significantly related to the seasonal patterns of litter moisture in this Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Hence, sewage sludge application modified the intensity of microbial responses to environmental factors, but biological patterns regulating P turn-over were maintained.     

大棚设施土壤养分和重金属状况研究

对山东寿光不同棚龄大棚土壤速效N、P、K及重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量调查表明:随大棚棚龄的增加,速效N、P含量有显著的增加,其增加量与棚龄呈极显著正相关,速效K含量增加幅度不大,即N、P、K施用不均衡;重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量随大棚棚龄的增加有一定的增加,Cd含量没有明显的规律性,但这几项重金属含量均比农田含量要高,表明在大棚高强度施肥及人为活动影响下,引入了重金属;农田及大棚重金属含量均较土壤背景值有一定程度的增加,但未超出国家环境质量标准。